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Vision Impaired Astronomy,good Video Clips. Duration : 2.68 Mins.An Inconvenient Truth (5/10) Movie CLIP - Drastic Rise in CO2 Concentration (2006) HD
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What Is Considered Overtime In California - The Many Types of Palm Trees
Good evening. Yesterday, I found out about What Is Considered Overtime In California - The Many Types of Palm Trees. Which may be very helpful in my experience and also you. The Many Types of Palm TreesThere are thousands of species of Palm Trees. They are considered to be tropical in nature, but most habitancy are not aware that cold hardy palms may be planted face without any visible damage from temperatures as cold as -20°F. You can see this as far north as Canada and Switzerland
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Palm trees, like banana trees, give your home and organery that tropical look, usually found nearby pools and house recreational areas. Once established, Palm Trees are relatively maintenance free and are not significantly bothered by insects and disease.
There are two basic types of Palm trees and we will tell you about the Northern and Southern Palms.
Cold Palms (Northern Palms)
Afghanistan palm - Pakistan Palm and Mazari Palm - This palm may be the coldest hardy in the world, according to authoritative doctors on the branch of Palms. Their fruit is also edible and very beloved to eat in that impoverished nation. The tree grows very gradually and thrives in desert conditions.
Dwarf Palmetto or Sabal minor - Blue Palmetto is widely distributed throughout the Southeastern United States and grows about 6ft. Tall in shaded locations. This Palm is very difficult to transplant from the wild.
Needle Palm - Rhapidophyllum hystrix is a needle palm, which are the most frost hardy palms on earth surviving -20°F weather with dinky damage.
Saw Palmetto or Serenoa Repens - Sassafras Palm has been found growing wild as far north as Virginia, Washington D.C., and New Jersey, and is cold hardy to -10° F.
Windmill Palm or Trachycarpus fortunel has been known to be cold hardy for many years and have been growing in Switzerland for 100 years along Lake Lucerne.
Adapted palms (Southern palms)
Cabbage Palm or Sabal Palmetto - Sabal Palm and Palmetto Palm is the state tree of South Carolina and Florida. It is beloved as a scenery tree in southern states with exquisite cold-hardiness and transplanting success. Sabal palms are salt water tolerant.
Canary Island Date Palm - Phoenix canariensis or Majestic Palm. Is the most desirable palm to give a tropical look to the landscape. The trees grow about 50ft tall with leaves up to 20ft long.
Chinese Fan Palm is a slow growing palm; forms very large leaves, which will give a full-grown, tree a look of weeping. This palm can withstand below frozen weather, and can grow inside patios. You can find this palm tree along highways. This type of palm tree can grow up to 25ft tall.
Date Palm is the true date palm of North Africa. It has been planted widely in Arizona and California for production of dates. Date palms work well in mall landscaping.
Gum Palm is cold hardy to light freezes, but will freeze in weather below 20°F. The long leaves look like fern fronds, but the leaflets are bright shiny green in colour and stiff and sharply toothed.
European Fan Palm or European Palm. Has a large crown of blue-green fanlike leaves. This palm is considered to be one of the coldest hardy and grows outside. The plant can be relocated and will survive easy with dinky transplant shock when moved, even in during the summer months.
Pygmy Date Palm is a good box plant when potted indoors. Fine-leafed, small scale, single-trunked palm; grows gradually up to about 5ft.
Washingtonian Palm or Mexican Fan Palm has a tall slender trunk, has a crown of large fan-shaped evergreen fronds, and can furnish a very tropical appearance to the landscape.
Sago Palm is a feather leaf palm that is found along the Atlantic coast beach and is 300 years old and 12 feet tall with dignified umbrella crowns.
Phoenix Sylvester Palm or Toddy Palm is very similar to the Canary Island Palm and the edible date palm.
Zamia pumila or Coontie Palm is known as the prehistoric plant, which dominated the earth 200 million years ago and grows 3ft tall on separate male and female plants.
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What Is Considered Overtime In California - Saloon Cowboy - intriguing Facts About the Old West Saloon
Hi friends. Yesterday, I found out about What Is Considered Overtime In California - Saloon Cowboy - intriguing Facts About the Old West Saloon. Which is very helpful in my opinion therefore you. Saloon Cowboy - intriguing Facts About the Old West SaloonThe saloon cowboy is depicted in both movies and books. It is the old west that made them the icon that they are today. Saloons were tasteless in mostly all cities yet there were a few areas that already had Mexican style cantinas.
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Saloons mostly looked the same throughout the west. They had the tasteless wooden front with a wooden boardwalk. There were all the time a few hitching posts to tie a horse. Often times a water source would be settled close by for horses to drink. The front doors all the time consisted of two swinging doors, that would brush up against a cowboy as he walked into the main bar area. The bar itself was very long to adapt many standing customers. The floor area consisted of wooden tables and chairs.
It was tasteless to see a group of men playing a friendly game of poker or telling long stories of their travels. Most of the violence started in the saloon and at times emptied out into the roadway.
The first saloons to open were not the typical saloons that we all know from the movies and books. They were mostly tents or a square wooden buildings with tent material thrown over the top. The material was sufficient to keep the rain off the heads of their costumers. The floors were not made of wood. Tent saloons never had floors of any type. If it rained the floors were muddy and if it was dry they were dusty. The only thing the early saloon offered was whiskey and a place to sit and rest.
The first whiskey ever served in a saloon was not the fine whiskey that New Yorker's or those from Chicago would sip. This stuff was raw and made right in the camp or town. The uncomplicated ingredients included raw alcohol, sugar burnt and a diminutive pouch chewing tobacco. Whiskey with terrible names like "Coffin Varnish", "Tarantula Juice", "Red Eye" and others were tasteless among the early saloons.
Later the word "Firewater" would be used to characterize Whiskey. It took on the name while trading with Indians. To elaborate what Whiskey was to the Indians, the cowboy would pour it over the fire to show its potency. With a high sufficient proof, Whiskey acted like gasoline on the fire. Soon firewater was the name of the drink. If you were a light weight and sipped your whiskey, you could be determined to find yourself drinking a 5th of Whiskey at gun point. Sipping was determined a weakness and not tolerated!
Beer was not as tasteless as whiskey, yet there were those that drank it. Since pasteurization was not invented yet, a cowboy had to take his beer warm and drink it quick. If not, the beer would get warmer and go flat. Whiskey kept its taste and potency no matter the temperature. It was not until 1880′s that Adolphus Busch invented synthetic refrigeration and methods of pasteurization to the brewing process. Soon after Budweiser launched as a U.S. National brand.
In the late 1820′s, Bent's Fort, Colorado opened what we know as the first saloon in the west. There were a few diminutive towns which already had cantinas, but they did not compare to saloons that would soon spread like wild fire throughout the west.
Striking gold was a big indicator that a saloon would pop-up in that town. In 1848, Santa Barbara, California only had one cantina. Yet after the discovery of gold, the town soon grew to 30 saloons. Towns like Livingston, Montana, with its 3,000 residents had no less than 33 saloons. Back in those days, it was easy to open a business. Innovation and growth was on the incline. Saloons were profitable and with a large customer base.
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California Department Of Labor Overtime - The Advantages to a College Degree for Today's Job Seekers
Hello everybody. Today, I learned about California Department Of Labor Overtime - The Advantages to a College Degree for Today's Job Seekers. Which is very helpful to me so you. The Advantages to a College Degree for Today's Job SeekersA college degree is an benefit in today's workforce. The number and of jobs ready for college graduates is much greater and they often have higher wage and benefits.
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Availability of Jobs
The number of jobs that want a college degree or where a college study is an benefit is increasing. In previous generations, there were many levels of jobs ready for those without a college study or in some cases, even a high school diploma. any way now many of these jobs naturally do not exist any longer, or now want college education.
Industrial jobs, trades and skilled labor were more prevalent before the rise of computer technology. Now many industries want a smaller workforce because of technological advances. Even though not as many assembly line workers are needed, there are many jobs ready in engineering, management and firm management in which a college study is an advantage.
Types of Jobs
The advantages of a college degree in scientific, manufacturing and engineering fields are very strong. College students can now study highly specialized science related degrees that apply directly to firm settings. protection engineering, environmental science and Dna analytics are examples of highly specialized fields that have become in demand in just the past 10 years or so.
One of the advantages of a college study is that students become aware of many subjects and fields that they never would have carefully without going to college. Students are required to take a variety of basic study courses such as math, sciences, literature and basic computing. Electives are also required and students may take a procedure that just sounds exciting or exciting to them. Often students examine while one of these courses that they have a talent and/or passion for a branch and begin to understand its potential in the job marketplace.
While obtaining a specialized degree is needful in some fields, sometimes just having a college study is an advantage, regardless of the field of study. Employers want to know that their employees have a well rounded basic education. The advantages of a college degree will be proven when your resume is chosen over those who did not make the commitment to perfect their education.
Salary & Benefits
The benefit of a college degree equals to higher wages and salaries. In the Winter 2004-05 Occupational Outlook Quarterly, The Us department of Labor reported that "In 2003, workers who had a bachelor's degree had average weekly income of 0, compared with 4 a week for high school graduates--that's a contrast of 6 per week, or a 62 percent jump in average earnings." These figures are a bold statement that the benefit of a college degree is its increased earning power.
Job seekers will also find that positions that may not absolutely want a college study will still pay more to those who have a degree. Jobs seekers with a college study will still earn higher salaries, even when the degree is not directly required for the job.
The jobs that do not want a college study often have fewer benefits. These jobs often furnish no seclusion or condition guarnatee benefits which are imperative to financial protection and the stability of the family.
The benefit of a College Degree: Conclusion
Attending and graduating from college is the best way to prepare for a career that pays well and provides a means to a regain future. If you are carefully and hard working, you can perfect your study and begin a career that will furnish now and pave the way to a regain retirement.
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Laws Overtime - Nuclear Security Summit: Presidential Press Conference
Do you know about - Nuclear Security Summit: Presidential Press Conference
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Nuclear Security Summit: Presidential Press Conference Tube. Duration : 35.52 Mins.Hospice Fraud - A enumerate For Employees, Whistleblowers, Attorneys, Lawyers and Law Firms
California Department Of Labor Overtime - Hospice Fraud - A enumerate For Employees, Whistleblowers, Attorneys, Lawyers and Law Firms
Good morning. Yesterday, I learned all about California Department Of Labor Overtime - Hospice Fraud - A enumerate For Employees, Whistleblowers, Attorneys, Lawyers and Law Firms. Which is very helpful for me so you. Hospice Fraud - A enumerate For Employees, Whistleblowers, Attorneys, Lawyers and Law FirmsHospice fraud in South Carolina and the United States is an addition question as the whole of hospice patients has exploded over the past few years. From 2004 to 2008, the whole of patients receiving hospice care in the United States grew almost 40% to nearly 1.5 million, and of the 2.5 million people who died in 2008, nearly one million were hospice patients. The fabulous majority of people receiving hospice care receive federal benefits from the federal government straight through the Medicare or Medicaid programs. The condition care providers who supply hospice services traditionally enroll in the Medicare and Medicaid programs in order to qualify to receive payments under these government programs for services rendered to Medicare and Medicaid eligible patients.
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While most hospice condition care organizations supply standard and ethical treatment for their hospice patients, because hospice eligibility under Medicare and Medicaid involves clinical judgments which may supervene in the payments of large sums of money from the federal government, there are gargantuan opportunities for fraudulent practices and false billing claims by unscrupulous hospice care providers. As recent federal hospice fraud enforcement actions have demonstrated, the whole of condition care companies and individuals who are willing to try to defraud the Medicare and Medicaid hospice benefits programs is on the rise.
A recent example of hospice fraud sharp a South Carolina hospice is Southern Care, Inc., a hospice business that in 2009 paid .7 million to determine an Fca case. The defendant operated hospices in 14 other states, too, including Alabama, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Kansas, Louisiana, Michigan, Mississippi, Missouri, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Texas, Virginia and Wisconsin. The alleged frauds were that patients were not eligible for hospice, to wit, were not terminally ill, lack of documentation of final illnesses, and that the business marketed to inherent patients with the promise of free medications, supplies, and the provision of home condition aides. Southern Care also entered into a 5-year Corporate Integrity business agreement with the Oig as part of the settlement. The qui tam relators received almost million.
Understanding the Consequences of Hospice Fraud and Whistleblower Actions
U.S. And South Carolina consumers, including hospice patients and their house members, and condition care employees who are employed in the hospice industry, as well as their Sc lawyers and attorneys, should wise up themselves with the basics of the hospice care industry, hospice eligibility under the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and hospice fraud schemes that have developed over the country. Consumers need to safe themselves from unethical hospice providers, and hospice employees need to guard against knowingly or unwittingly participating in condition care fraud against the federal government because they may branch themselves to administrative sanctions, including lengthy exclusions from working in an club which receives federal funds, gargantuan civil monetary penalties and fines, and criminal sanctions, including incarceration. When a hospice laborer discovers fraudulent guide sharp Medicare or Medicaid billings or claims, the laborer should not participate in such behavior, and it is imperative that the unlawful guide be reported to law enforcement and/or regulatory authorities. Not only does reporting such fraudulent Medicare or Medicaid practices shield the hospice laborer from exposure to the foregoing administrative, civil and criminal sanctions, but hospice fraud whistleblowers may advantage financially under the recompense provisions of the federal False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3732, by bringing false claims suits, also known as qui tam or whistleblower suits, against their employers on profit of the United States.
Types of Hospice Care Services
Hospice care is a type of condition care aid for patients who are terminally ill. Hospices also supply keep services for the families of terminally ill patients. This care includes corporeal care and counseling. Hospice care is commonly provided by a collective department or inexpressive business approved by Medicare and Medicaid. Hospice care is ready for all age groups, including children, adults, and the elderly who are in the final stages of life. The purpose of hospice is to supply care for the terminally ill inpatient and his or her house and not to cure the final illness.
If a inpatient qualifies for hospice care, the inpatient can receive healing and keep services, including nursing care, healing collective services, doctor services, counseling, homemaker services, and other types of services. The hospice inpatient will have a team of doctors, nurses, home condition aides, collective workers, counselors and trained volunteers to help the inpatient and his or her house members cope with the symptoms and consequences of the final illness. While many hospice patients and their families can receive hospice care in the ease of their home, if the hospice patient's condition deteriorates, the inpatient can be transferred to a hospice facility, hospital, or nursing home to receive hospice care.
Hospice Care Statistics
The whole of days that a inpatient receives hospice care is often referenced as the "length of stay" or "length of service." The length of aid is dependent on a whole of dissimilar factors, including but not dinky to, the type and stage of the disease, the ability of and passage to condition care providers before the hospice referral, and the timing of the hospice referral. In 2008, the median length of stay for hospice patients was about 21 days, the median length of stay was about 69 days, almost 35% of hospice patients died or were discharged within 7 days of the hospice referral, and only about 12% of hospice patients survived longer than 180 days.
Most hospice care patients receive hospice care in inexpressive homes (40%). Other locations where hospice services are provided are nursing homes (22%), residential facilities (6%), hospice inpatient facilities (21%), and acute care hospitals (10%). Hospice patients are ordinarily the elderly, and hospice age group percentages are 34 years or less (1%), 35 - 64 years (16%), 65 - 74 years (16%), 75 - 84 years (29%), and over 85 years (38%). As for the final illness resulting in a hospice referral, cancer is the determination for almost 40% of hospice patients, followed by debility unspecified (15%), heart disease (12%), dementia (11%), lung disease (8%), stroke (4%) and kidney disease (3%). Medicare pays the great majority of hospice care expenses (84%), followed by inexpressive insurance (8%), Medicaid (5%), charity care (1%) and self pay (1%).
As of 2008, there were almost 4,700 locations which were providing hospice care in the United States, which represented about a 50% growth over ten years. There were about 3,700 companies and organizations which were providing hospice services in the United States. About half of the hospice care providers in the United States are for-profit organizations, and about half are non-profit organizations.
General overview of the Medicare and Medicaid Programs
In 1965, Congress established the Medicare schedule to supply condition insurance for the elderly and disabled. Payments from the Medicare schedule arise from the Medicare Trust fund, which is funded by government contributions and straight through payroll deductions from American workers. The Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (Cms), previously known as the condition Care Financing supervision (Hcfa), is the federal department within the United States department of condition and Human Services (Hhs) that administers the Medicare schedule and works in partnership with state governments to administer Medicaid.
In 2007, Cms reorganized its ten geography-based field offices to a Consortia structure based on the agency's key lines of business: Medicare condition plans, Medicare financial management, Medicare fee for aid operations, Medicaid and children's health, peruse & certification and ability improvement. The Cms consortia consist of the following:
• Consortium for Medicare condition Plans Operations
• Consortium for Financial supervision and Fee for aid Operations
• Consortium for Medicaid and Children's condition Operations
• Consortium for ability improvement and peruse & Certification Operations
Each consortium is led by a Consortium Administrator (Ca) who serves as the Cms's national focal point in the field for their business line. Each Ca is responsible for consistent implementation of Cms programs, course and guidance over all ten regions for matters pertaining to their business line. In addition to accountability for a business line, each Ca also serves as the Agency's senior supervision legal for two or three Regional Offices (Ros), representing the Cms Administrator in external matters and overseeing administrative operations.
Much of the daily supervision and carrying out of the Medicare schedule is managed straight through inexpressive insurance companies that ageement with the Government. These inexpressive insurance companies, sometimes called "Medicare Carriers" or "Fiscal Intermediaries," are charged with and responsible for accepting Medicare claims, determining coverage, and making payments from the Medicare Trust Fund. These carriers, including Palmetto Government Benefits Administrators (hereinafter "Pgba"), a department of Blue Cross and Blue Shield of South Carolina, operate pursuant to 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395h and 1395u and rely on the good faith and specific representations of condition care providers when processing claims.
Over the past forty years, the Medicare schedule has enabled the elderly and disabled to gain important healing services from healing providers throughout the United States. important to the success of the Medicare schedule is the basal notion that condition care providers accurately and well submit claims and bills to the Medicare Trust Fund only for those healing treatments or services that are legitimate, reasonable and medically necessary, in full yielding with all laws, regulations, rules, and conditions of participation, and, further, that healing providers not take advantage of their elderly and disabled patients.
The Medicaid schedule is ready only to clear low-income individuals and families who must meet eligibility requirements set forth by federal and state law. Each state sets its own guidelines concerning eligibility and services. Although administered by personel states, the Medicaid schedule is funded primarily by the federal government. Medicaid does not pay money to patients; rather, it sends payments directly to the patient's condition care providers. Like Medicare, the Medicaid schedule depends on condition care providers to accurately and well submit claims and bills to schedule administrators only for those healing treatments or services that are legitimate, reasonable and medically necessary, in full yielding with all laws, regulations, rules, and conditions of participation, and, further, that healing providers not take advantage of their indigent patients.
Medicare & Medicaid Hospice Laws Which sway Sc Hospices
Hospice fraud occurs when hospice organizations, by and straight through their employees, agents and owners, knowingly violate the terms and conditions of the applicable Medicare and Medicaid hospice statutes, regulations, rules and conditions of participation. In order to be able to recognize hospice fraud, hospices, hospice patients, hospice employees and their attorneys and lawyers must know the Medicare laws and requirements relating to hospice care benefits.
Medicare's two main sources of authorization for hospice benefits are found in the collective protection Act and the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations. The statutory provisions are primarily found at 42 U.S.C. §§ 1395d, 1395e, 1395f(a)(7), 1395x(d)(d), and 1395y, and the regulatory provisions are found at 42 C.F.R. Part 418.
To be eligible for Medicare benefits for hospice care, the inpatient must be eligible for Medicare Part A and be terminally ill. 42 C.F.R. § 418.20. final illness is established when "the personel has a healing determination that his or her life expectancy is 6 months or less if the illness runs its general course." 42 C.F.R. § 418.3; 42 U.S.C. § 1395x(d)(d)(3). The patient's doctor and the healing director of the hospice must warrant in writing that the inpatient is "terminally ill." 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(a)(7); 42 C.F.R. § 418.20. After a patient's first certification, Medicare provides for two ninety-day advantage periods followed by an unlimited whole of sixty-day advantage periods. 42 U.S.C. § 1395d(a)(4). At the end of each ninety- or sixty-day period, the inpatient can be re-certified only if at that time he or she has less than six months to live if the illness runs its general course. 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(a)(7)(A). The written certification and re-certifications must be maintained in the patient's healing records. 42 C.F.R. § 418.23. A written plan of care must be established for each inpatient setting forth the types of hospice care services the inpatient is scheduled to receive, 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(a)(7)(B), and the hospice care has to be provided in accordance with such plan of care. 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(a)(7)(C); 42 C.F.R. § 418.56. Clinical records for each hospice inpatient must be maintained by the hospice, including plan of care, assessments, clinical notes, signed consideration of election, inpatient responses to medication and therapy, doctor certifications and re-certifications, outcome data, improve directives and doctor orders. 42 C.F.R. § 418.104.
The hospice must gain a written consideration of determination from the inpatient to elect to receive Medicare hospice benefits. 42 C.F.R. § 418.24. Importantly, once a inpatient has elected to receive hospice care benefits, the inpatient waives Medicare benefits for healing treatment for the final disease upon which is the admitting diagnosis. 42 C.F.R. § 418.24(d).
The hospice must prescription an Interdisciplinary Group (Idg) or groups composed of individuals who work together to meet the physical, medical, psychosocial, emotional, and spiritual needs of the hospice patients and families facing final illness and bereavement. 42 C.F.R. § 418.56. The Idg members must supply the care and services offered by the hospice, and the group, in its entirety, must supervise the care and services. A registered nurse that is a member of the Idg must be designated to supply coordination of care and to ensure continuous estimate of each patient's and family's needs and implementation of the interdisciplinary plan of care. The interdisciplinary group must include, but is not dinky to, the following superior and competent professionals: (i) A doctor of treatment or osteopathy (who is an laborer or under ageement with the hospice); (ii) A registered nurse; (iii) A collective worker; and, (iv) A pastoral or other counselor. 42 C.F.R. § 418.56.
The Medicare hospice regulations, at 42 C.F.R. § 418.200, summarize the requirements for hospice coverage in pertinent part as follows:
To be covered, hospice services must meet the following requirements. They must be reasonable and important for the palliation and supervision of the final illness as well as linked conditions. The personel must elect hospice care in accordance with §418.24. A plan of care must be established and periodically reviewed by the attending physician, the healing director, and the interdisciplinary group of the hospice schedule as set forth in §418.56. That plan of care must be established before hospice care is provided. The services provided must be consistent with the plan of care. A certification that the personel is terminally ill must be completed as set forth in section §418.22.
The collective protection Act, at 42 U.S.C. § 1395y(a), limits Medicare hospice benefits, providing in pertinent part as follows: "Notwithstanding any other provision of this title, no cost may be made under part A or part B for any expenses incurred for items or services-... (C) in the case of hospice care, which are not reasonable and important for the palliation or supervision of final illness...." 42 C.F.R. § 418.50 (hospice care must be "reasonable and important for the palliation and supervision of final illness"). Palliative care is defined in the regulations as "patient and family-centered care that optimizes ability of life by anticipating, preventing, and treating suffering. Palliative care throughout the continuum of illness involves addressing physical, intellectual, emotional, social, and spiritual needs and to facilitate inpatient autonomy, passage to information, and choice." 42 C.F.R. § 418.3.
Medicare pays hospice agencies a daily rate for each day a beneficiary is enrolled in the hospice advantage and receives hospice care. The daily payments are made regardless of the whole of services furnished on a given day and are intended to cover costs that the hospice incurs in furnishing services identified in the patient's plan of care. There are four levels of payments which are made based on the whole of care required to meet beneficiary and house needs. 42 C.F.R. § 418.302; Cms Hospice Fact Sheet, November 2009. These four levels, and the corresponding 2010 daily rates, are as follows: habit home care (2.91); continuous home care (4.10); inpatient respite care (7.83); and, general inpatient care (5.74).
The aggregate each year cap per inpatient in 2009 was ,014.50. This cap is thought about by adjusting the original hospice inpatient cap of ,500, set in 1984, by the buyer Price Index. See Cms Internet-Only manual 100-04, chapter 11, section 80.2; 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(i); 42 C.F.R. § 418.309. The Medicare Claims Processing Manual, at chapter 11 - Processing Hospice Claims, in Section 80.2, entitled "Cap on allinclusive Hospice Reimbursement," provides in pertinent part as follows: "Any payments in excess of the cap must be refunded by the hospice."
Hospice patients are responsible for Medicare co-insurance payments for drugs and respite care, and the hospice may charge the inpatient for these co-insurance payments. However, the co-insurance payments for drugs are dinky to the lesser of or 5% of the cost of the drugs to the hospice, and the co-insurance payments for respite care are ordinarily 5% of the cost made by Medicare for such services. 42 C.F.R. § 418.400.
The Medicare and Medicaid programs wish institutional condition care providers, including hospice organizations, to file an enrollment application in order to qualify to receive the programs' benefits. As part of these enrollment applications, the hospice providers warrant that they will comply with Medicare and Medicaid laws, regulations, and schedule instructions, and supplementary warrant that they understand that cost of a claim by Medicare and Medicaid is conditioned upon the claim and basal transaction complying with such schedule laws and requirements. The Medicare Enrollment Application which hospice providers must execute, Form Cms-855A, states in part as follows: "I agree to abide by the Medicare laws, regulations and schedule instructions that apply to this provider. The Medicare laws, regulations, and schedule instructions are ready straight through the Medicare contractor. I understand that cost of a claim by Medicare is conditioned upon the claim and the basal transaction complying with such laws, regulations, and schedule instructions (including, but not dinky to, the Federal Aks and Stark laws), and on the provider's yielding with all applicable conditions of participation in Medicare."
Hospices are ordinarily required to bill Medicare on a monthly basis. See the Medicare Claims Processing Manual, at chapter 11 - Processing Hospice Claims, in Section 90 - Frequency of Billing. Hospices ordinarily file their hospice Medicare claims with their Fiscal Intermediary or Medicare Carrier pursuant to the Cms Claims manual Form Cms 1450 (sometime also called a Form Ub-04 or Form Ub-92), whether in paper or electronic form. These claim forms contain representations and certifications which state in pertinent part that: (1) misrepresentations or falsifications of important facts may serve as the basis for civil monetary penalties and criminal convictions; (2) submission of the claim constitutes certification that the billing facts is true, definite and complete; (3) the submitter did not knowingly or recklessly disregard or misrepresent or conceal material facts; (4) all required doctor certifications and re-certifications are on file; (5) all required inpatient signatures are on file; and, (6) for Medicaid purposes, the submitter understands that because cost and delight of this claim will be from Federal and State funds, any false statements, documents, or concealment of a material fact are branch to prosecution under applicable Federal or State Laws.
Hospices must also file with Cms an each year cost and data narrative of Medicare payments received. 42 U.S.C. § 1395f(i)(3); 42 U.S.C. § 1395x(d)(d)(4). The each year hospice cost and data reports, Form Cms 1984-99, contain representations and certifications which state in pertinent part that: (1) misrepresentations or falsifications of facts contained in the cost narrative may be punishable by criminal, civil and administrative actions, including fines and/or imprisonment; (2) if any services identified in the narrative were the product of a direct or indirect kickback or were otherwise illegal, then criminal, civil and administrative actions may result, including fines and/or imprisonment; (3) the narrative is a true, definite and perfect statement ready from the books and records of the victualer in accordance with applicable instructions, except as noted; and, (4) the signing officer is well-known with the laws and regulations concerning the provision of condition care services and that the services identified in this cost narrative were provided in yielding with such laws and regulations.
Hospice Anti-Fraud enforcement Statutes
There are a whole of federal criminal, civil and administrative enforcement provisions set forth in the Medicare statutes which are aimed at preventing fraudulent conduct, including hospice fraud, and which help say schedule integrity and compliance. Some of the more leading enforcement provisions of the Medicare statutes contain the following: 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7b (Criminal fraud and anti-kickback penalties); 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7a and 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-8 (Civil monetary penalties for fraud); 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-7 (Administrative exclusions from participation in Medicare/Medicaid programs for fraud); 42 U.S.C. § 1320a-4 (Administrative subpoena power for the Comptroller General).
Other criminal enforcement provisions which are used to combat Medicare and Medicaid fraud, including hospice fraud, contain the following: 18 U.S.C. § 1347 (General condition care fraud criminal statute); 21 U.S.C. §§ 353, 333 (Prescription Drug Marketing Act); 18 U.S.C. § 669 (Theft or Embezzlement in connection with condition Care); 18 U.S.C. § 1035 (False statements relating to condition Care); 18 U.S.C. § 2 (Aiding and Abetting); 18 U.S.C. § 3 (Accessory after the Fact); 18 U.S.C. § 4 (Misprision of a Felony); 18 U.S.C. § 286 (Conspiracy to defraud the Government with respect to Claims); 18 U.S.C. § 287 (False, Fictitious or Fraudulent Claims); 18 U.S.C. § 371 (Criminal Conspiracy); 18 U.S.C. § 1001 (False Statements); 18 U.S.C. § 1341 (Mail Fraud); 18 U.S.C. § 1343 (Wire Fraud); 18 U.S.C. § 1956 (Money Laundering); 18 U.S.C. § 1957 (Money Laundering); and, 18 U.S.C. § 1964 (Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations ("Rico")).
The False Claims Act (Fca)
Hospice fraud whistleblowers may advantage financially under the recompense provisions of the federal False Claims Act, 31 U.S.C. §§ 3729-3732, by bringing false claims suits, also known as qui tam or whistleblower suits, against their employers on profit of the United States. The plaintiff in a hospice fraud whistleblower suit is also known as a relator. The most base Fca provisions upon which hospice fraud qui tam or whistleblower relators rely are found in 31 U.S.C. § 3729: (A) knowingly presents, or causes to be presented, a false or fraudulent claim for cost or approval; (B) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false narrative or statement material to a false or fraudulent claim; (C) conspires to commit a violation of subparagraph (A), (B), (D), (E), (F), or (G);..., and, (G) knowingly makes, uses, or causes to be made or used, a false narrative or statement material to an enforcement to pay or transmit money or asset to the Government, or knowingly conceals or knowingly and improperly avoids or decreases an enforcement to pay or transmit money or asset to the Government.... There is no requirement to prove definite intent to defraud. Rather, it is only important to prove actual knowledge of the false claims, false statements, or false records, or the defendant's deliberate indifference or reckless disregard of the truth or falsity of the information. 31 U.S.C. § 3729(b).
The Fca anti-retaliation provision protects the hospice whistleblower from retaliation from the hospice when the laborer (or a contractor) "is discharged, demoted, suspended, threatened, harassed, or in any other manner discriminated against in the terms and conditions of employment" for taking performance to try to stop the fraudulent activity. 31 U.S.C. § 3730(h). A hospice employee's relief includes reinstatement, 2 times the whole of back pay, interest on the back pay, and recompense for any special damages sustained as a supervene of the discrimination or retaliation, including litigation costs and reasonable attorneys' fees.
A Sc hospice fraud Fca whistleblower would initially file a disclosure statement, complaint and supporting documents with the U.S. Attorney's Office in Columbia, South Carolina, and the Us Attorney General. After the disclosures are filed, a federal court complaint can be filed. The Sc department where the frauds occurred, the relator's residence, and the defendant residence, will determine which department the case will be assigned. There are eleven federal court divisions in South Carolina. Once the case has been filed, the government has 60 days to determine whether or not to intervene. During this time, federal government investigators located in South Carolina will study the claims. If the case involved Medicaid, Sc Medicaid fraud unit investigators will likely become involved as well. If the government intervenes in the case, the U.S. Attorney for South Carolina is commonly the lead attorney. If the government does not intervene, the relator's Sc attorney will prosecute the case. In South Carolina, expect a qui tam case to take one to two years to get to trial.
Tips on Recognizing Hospice Fraud Schemes
The Hhs Office of Inspector general (Oig) has issued special Fraud Alerts for fraudulent and abusive practices of hospices. U.S. And South Carolina hospices, patients, hospice employees and whistleblowers, their attorneys and lawyers, should be well-known with these hospice fraud practices. Tips on recognizing hospice frauds in South Carolina and the U.S. Are:
• A hospice contribution free goods or goods at below store value to induce a nursing home to refer patients to the hospice.
• False representations in a hospice's Medicare/Medicaid enrollment form.
• A hospice paying "room and board" payments to the nursing home in amounts in excess of what the nursing home would have received directly from Medicaid had the inpatient not been enrolled in the hospice.
• False statements in a hospice's claim form (Cms Forms 1450, Ub-04 or Ub-92).
• A hospice falsely billing for services that were not reasonable or important for the palliation of the symptoms of a terminally ill patient.
• A hospice paying amounts to the nursing home for "additional" services that Medicaid thought about included in its room and board cost to the hospice.
• A hospice paying above fair store value for "additional" non-core services which Medicaid does not think to be included in its room and board payments to the nursing home.
• A hospice referring patients to a nursing home to induce the nursing home to refer its patients to the hospice.
•A hospice providing free (or below fair store value) care to nursing home patients, for whom the nursing home is receiving Medicare cost under the skilled nursing installation benefit, with the prospect that after the inpatient exhausts the skilled nursing installation benefit, the inpatient will receive hospice services from that hospice.
• A hospice providing staff at its cost to the nursing home to perform duties that otherwise would be performed by the nursing home.
• Incomplete or no written Plan of Care was established or reviewed at definite intervals.
• Plan of Care did not contain an estimate of needs.
• Fraudulent statements in a hospice's cost narrative to the government.
• consideration of determination was not obtained or was fraudulently obtained.
• Rn supervisory visits were not made for home condition aide services.
• Certification or Re-certification of final illness was not obtained or was fraudulently obtained.
• No Plan of care was included for bereavement services.
• Fraudulent billing for upcoded levels of hospice care.
• Hospice did not guide a self-assessment of ability and care provided.
• Clinical records were not maintained for every patient.
• Interdisciplinary group did not recite and update the plan of care for each patient.
Recent Hospice Fraud enforcement Cases
The Doj and U.S. Attorney's Offices have been active in enforcing hospice fraud cases.
In 2009, Kaiser Foundation Hospitals located an Fca lawsuit by paying .8 million to the federal government. The defendant assertedly failed to gain written certifications of final illness for a whole of its patients.
In 2006, Odyssey Healthcare, a national hospice provider, paid .9 million to determine a qui tam suit for false claims under the Fca. The hospice fraud allegations were ordinarily that Odyssey billed Medicare for providing hospice care to patients when they were not terminally ill and ineligible for Medicare hospice benefits. A Corporate Integrity business agreement was also a part of the settlement. The hospice fraud qui tam relator received .3 million for blowing the whistle on the defendant.
In 2005, Faith Hospice, Inc., located claims an Fca claim for 0,000. The hospice fraud allegations were ordinarily that Faith Hospice billed Medicare for providing hospice care to patients more than half of whom were not terminally ill.
In 2005, Home Hospice of North Texas located an Fca claim for 0,000 concerning allegations of fraudulently billing Medicare for ineligible hospice patients.
In 2000, Michigan osteopath Donald Dreyfuss, who pleaded guilty to criminal fraud charges, including violation of the Aks for receiving illegal kickbacks from a hospice for recommending the hospice to the staff of his nursing home, located an Fca suit for million.
Conclusion
Hospice fraud is a growing question in South Carolina and throughout the United States. South Carolina hospice patients, hospice employees, and their Sc lawyers and attorneys, should be well-known with the basics of the hospice care industry, hospice eligibility under the Medicare and Medicaid programs, and typical hospice fraud schemes. Hospice organizations should take steps to ensure full yielding with Medicare/Medicaid hospice billing requirements to avoid hospice fraud allegations and Fca litigation.
© 2010 Joseph P. Griffith, Jr.
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Hello everybody. Now, I learned about What Is Considered Overtime In California - Elderberry Wine. Which could be very helpful to me so you. Elderberry WineWine has for many years been made from the fermentation of grapes. In up-to-date times however, other ingredients that have plainly occurring starch, enzymes and other nutrients are gaining popularity in the output of wine. Other than apples and elderberries that are been fermented with yeast for purposes of converting their sugars into alcohol, barley and rice are all the same gaining popularity in these productions. These drinks have their old history in countries like South Africa, California and Greece.
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Elderberry wine, is carefully to be one of the most sweet flavored fermented and alcoholic fruit drinks. It however has got a lower alcoholic concentration and furthermore, it is sweeter than most of the other alcoholic drinks. To make it more absorbing to the taste, you could reconsider mixing the berries with some strawberries, since they both include the right number of natural substances that give you the right taste.
The fruits that make this drink come from a shrub that grows in the wild and which is more effective in mid-summer. It does well in moist land and in areas that are fertile, those that have rich soils. The fruits are blue and black, and for the best tasting drink, you should put in order them while they are raw. Do not cook them.
The elderberry wine requires that you choose the berries depending on the results you want to get. You can choose to use the fresh fruits or those that are dried. Whether way, wash them in fresh water and mash them, with your hands protected. As for the color, remember that it gets good if you ferment and store the drink in a dark place.
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Hi friends. Today, I learned about What Is Considered Overtime In California - The discrepancy between Being Smart, Educated, and provocative. Which could be very helpful if you ask me so you. The discrepancy between Being Smart, Educated, and provocativeI've all the time been intrigued by the subject of intelligence. As a child my mum would refer to me as "smart," but I swiftly noticed that all parents refer to their children as smart. In time I would inspect that all children are not smart, just as all babies are not cute. If that were the case, we'd have a world full of beautiful, smart citizen - which we don't.
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Some of us are smart; but not as smart as we think, and others are smarter than they seem, which makes me wonder, how do we define smart? What makes one someone smarter than another? When do "street smarts" matter more than "book smarts"? Can you be both smart and stupid? Is being smart more of a direct affect of genetics, or one's environment?
Then there are the issues of education, intelligence and wisdom.
What does it mean to be extremely educated? What's the incompatibility in the middle of being extremely educated and extremely intelligent? Does being extremely educated automatically make you extremely intelligent? Can one be extremely curious without being extremely educated? Do Iqs actually mean anything? What makes a someone wise? Why is wisdom typically linked with old age?
My desire to seek answers to these questions inspired many hours of intense research which included the reading of 6 books, hundreds of research documents, and countless hours on the Internet; which pales in comparison to the lifetime of studies and research that pioneers in the fields of intelligence and study like Howard Gardner, Richard Sternberg, Linda S. Gottfredson, Thomas Sowell, Alfie Kohn, and Diane F. Halpern whose work is cited in this article.
My goal was simple: Amass, synthesize, and present data on what it means to be smart, educated and curious so that it can be understood and used by anyone for their benefit.
Prenatal Care
With this in mind, there was not a great (or more appropriate) place to start than at the very starting of our existence: as a fetus in the womb.
There is mounting evidence that the consumption of food that's high in iron both before and while fertilization is valuable to construction the prenatal brain. Researchers have found a strong connection in the middle of low iron levels while fertilization and diminished Iq. Foods rich in iron comprise lima beans, kidney beans, pinto beans, spinach, asparagus, broccoli, seafoods, nuts, dried fruits, oatmeal, and fortified cereals.
Children with low iron status in utero (in the uterus) scored lower on every test and had significantly lower language ability, fine-motor skills, and tractability than children with higher prenatal iron levels. In essence, permissible prenatal care is valuable to the improvement of cognitive skills.
Cognitive Skills
Cognitive skills are the basic mental abilities we use to think, study, and learn. They comprise a wide range of mental processes used to analyze sounds and images, recall facts from memory, make associations in the middle of dissimilar pieces of information, and say concentration on singular tasks. They can be individually identified and measured. Cognitive skill strength and efficiency correlates directly with students' ease of learning.
Drinking, Pregnancy, And Its Intellectual Impact
Drinking while pregnant is not smart. In fact, it's downright stupid.
A study in Alcoholism: Clinical & Experimental research has found that even light to moderate drinking - especially while the second trimester - is linked with lower Iqs in offspring at 10 years of age. This supervene was especially pronounced among African-American rather than Caucasian offspring.
"Iq is a quantum of the child's potential to learn and to survive in his or her environment. It predicts the possible for success in school and in daily life. Although a small but valuable ration of children are diagnosed with Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (Fas) each year, many more children are exposed to alcohol while fertilization who do not meet criteria for Fas yet sense deficits in growth and cognitive function," said Jennifer A. Willford, assistant professor of psychiatry at the University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
Paul D. Connor, clinical director of the Fetal Alcohol and Drug Unit and assistant professor in the agency of psychiatry and behavioral sciences at the University of Washington has this to say about the subject:
"There are a whole of domains of cognitive functioning that can be impaired even in the face of a relatively normal Iq, together with scholastic achievement (especially arithmetic), adaptive functioning, and executive functions (the potential to question solve and learn from experiences). Deficits in intellectual, achievement, adaptive, and executive functioning could make it difficult to appropriately manage finances, function independently without assistance, and understand the consequences of - or react appropriately to - mistakes."
This is a key finding which speaks directly to the (psychological) definition of intelligence which is addressed later in this article.
Ultra Sounds
Studies have shown that the frequent exposure of the human fetus to ultrasound waves is linked with a decrease in newborn body weight, an growth in the frequency of left-handedness, and delayed speech.
Because ultrasound vigor is a high-frequency mechanical vibration, researchers hypothesized that it might affect the migration of neurons in a developing fetus. Neurons in mammals multiply early in fetal improvement and then migrate to their final destinations. Any interference or disruption in the process could supervene in abnormal brain function.
Commercial companies (which do ultrasounds for "keepsake" purposes) are now creating more distinguished ultrasound machines capable of providing favorite 3D and 4D images. The procedure, however, lasts longer as they try to make 30-minute videos of the fetus in the uterus.
The main stream magazine New Scientist reported the following: Ultrasound scans can stop cells from dividing and make them commit suicide. Disposition scans, which have let doctors peek at fetuses and internal organs for the past 40 years, affect the normal cell cycle.
On the Fda website this facts is posted about ultrasounds:
While ultrasound has been colse to for many years, expectant women and their families need to know that the long-term effects of repeated ultrasound exposures on the fetus are not fully known. In light of all that remains unknown, having a prenatal ultrasound for non-medical reasons is not a good idea.
Nature Versus Nurture...The moot Continues
Now that you are aware of some of the known factors which determine, improve, and impact the intellectual improvement of a fetus, it's time for conception. Once that baby is born, which will be more crucial in the improvement of its intellect: nature (genetics) or foster (the environment)?
Apparently for centuries, scientists and psychologists have gone back and forth on this. I read many broad studies and reports on this subject while the research phase of this article, and I believe that it's time to put this moot to rest. Both nature and foster are equally as important and must be fully observed in the intellectual improvement of all children. This shouldn't be an either/or proposition.
A recent study shows that early intervention in the home and in the classroom can make a big incompatibility for a child born into ultimate poverty, according to Eric Turkheimer, a psychologist at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville. The study concludes that while genetic makeup explains most of the differences in Iq for children in wealthier families, environment - and not genes - makes a bigger incompatibility for minority children in low-income homes.
Specifically, what researchers call "heritability"- the degree to which genes affect Iq - was significantly lower for poor families. "Once you're put into an sufficient environment, your genes start to take over," Mr. Turkheimer said, "but in poor environments genes don't have that ability."
But there are reports that contradict these findings...sort of.
Linda S. Gottfredson, a professor of educational studies at the University of Delaware, wrote in her article, The normal intelligence Factor that environments shared by siblings have dinky to do with Iq. Many citizen still mistakenly believe that social, psychological and economic differences among families create continuing and marked differences in Iq.
She found that behavioral geneticists refer to such environmental effects as "shared" because they are common to siblings who grow up together. Her reports states that the heritability of Iq rises with age; that is to say, the extent to which genetics accounts for differences in Iq among individuals increases as citizen get older.
In her report she also refers to studies comparing identical and fraternal twins, published in the past decade by a group led by Thomas J. Bouchard, Jr., of the University of Minnesota and other scholars, show that about 40 percent of Iq differences among preschoolers stems from genetic differences, but that heritability rises to 60 percent by adolescence and to 80 percent by late adulthood.
And this is maybe the most curious bit of information, and relevant to this section of my article:
With age, differences among individuals in their advanced intelligence come to mirror more closely their genetic differences. It appears that the effects of environment on intelligence fade rather than grow with time.
Bouchard concludes that young children have the circumstances of their lives imposed on them by parents, schools and other agents of society, but as citizen get older they become more independent and tend to seek out the life niches that are most congenial to their genetic proclivities.
Breast-Feeding Increases Intelligence
Researchers from Christchurch School of medicine in New Zealand studied over 1,000 children born in the middle of April and August 1977. while the duration from birth to one year, they gathered facts on how these children were fed.
The infants were then followed to age 18. Over the years, the researchers collected a range of cognitive and scholastic facts on the children, together with Iq, educator ratings of school performance in reading and math, and results of standardized tests of reading comprehension, mathematics, and scholastic ability. The researchers also looked at the whole of passing grades achieved in national School Certificate examinations taken at the end of the third year of high school.
The results indicated that the longer children had been breast-fed, the higher they scored on such tests.
Talking To Your Children Makes A Difference
Thomas Sowell, author of Race, Iq, Black Crime, and facts Liberals Ignore uncovered some curious facts that every parent should take note of. He writes:
There is a strong case that black Americans suffer from a series of disadvantageous environments. Studies show time and again that before they go to school, black children are on midpoint exposed to a smaller vocabulary than white children, in part due to socioeconomic factors.
While children from pro households typically exposed to a total of 2,150 dissimilar words each day, children from working class households are exposed to 1,250, and children from households on welfare a mere 620.
Yes, smart sounding children tend to come from educated, professional, two-parent environments where they pick-up valuable language skills and vocabulary from its smart sounding inhabitants.
Mr. Sowell continues: Black children are obviously not to blame for their poor socioeconomic status, but something beyond economic status is at work in black homes. Black citizen have not signed up for the "great mission" of the white middle class - the constant quest to stimulate intellectual growth and get their child into Harvard or Oxbridge.
Elsie Moore of Arizona State University, Phoenix, studied black children adopted by whether black or white parents, all of whom were middle-class professionals. By the age of 7.5 years, those in black homes were 13 Iq points behind those being raised in the white homes.
Accumulated Advantages
At this juncture in my research it dawned on me, and should be fairly distinct to you, that many children are predisposed to being smart, educated, and intelligent, simply by their exposure to the influential factors which decide them long before they start school.
An informed mother, permissible prenatal care, educated, communicative parents, and a nurturing environment in which to live, all add up to accumulated advantages that formulate intellectual abilities. As you can see, some children have unfair advantages from the very beginning.
Malcolm Gladwell, author of top-selling book Outliers, wrote that "accumulated advantages" are made possible by arbitrary rules...and such unfair advantages are everywhere. "It is those who are victorious who are most likely to be given the kinds of social opportunities that lead to supplementary success," he writes. "It's the rich who get the biggest tax breaks. It's the best students who get the best teaching and most attention."
With that in mind, we turn our concentration to study and intelligence.
What Does It Mean To Be Well Educated?
Alfie Kohn, author of the book What Does It Mean To Be Well Educated? poses the question, does the phrase well educated refer to a potential of study you received, or something about you? Does it denote what you were taught? Or what you remember?
I say that to be well educated is all in the application; the application and use of information. facts has to be used in order to become knowledge, and as we all have heard, knowledge is power.
Most citizen are aware of the floundering state of study in this country on some level. We tell our children that nothing is more important than getting a "good" education, and every year, due to government allocation shortfalls, teachers are laid off, classes are condensed, schools are closed, and many educational programs - especially those which help the underprivileged - are cut.
The reality is, we don't actually value education. We value it as a business, an industry, political ammunition, and as an suitable form of discrimination, but not for what it was intended: a means of enriching one's character and life through learning.
What we value as a society, are athletes and the entertainment they offer. The fact that a pro athlete makes more money in one season, than most teachers in any region will make in their careers, is abominable. There's all the time money to build new sports stadiums, but not sufficient to give teachers a decent (and well-deserved) raise.
Ironically, the best teachers don't go into the profession for money. They teach because it's a calling. Most of them were influenced by a actually good educator as a student. With the mass exodus of teachers, many students are not able to cultivate the mentoring relationships that they once were able to because so many are leaving the profession - voluntarily and involuntarily - within an midpoint of three years.
At the high school level, where I got my start, the emphasis is not on how to educate the students to prepare them for life, or even college (all high schools should be college-prep schools, right?), it was about establishment them to excel on their standardized tests. Then the controversial "exit" exams were implemented and literally, many high schools were transformed into testing centers. Studying has almost become secondary.
This mentality carries over into college, which of procedure there's a test one must take in order to enroll (the Sat or Act). This explains why so many college students are more concerned with completing a course, than Studying from it. They are focused on getting "A's" and degrees, instead of becoming degreed thinkers. The latter of which are in greater request by employers and comprise the bulk of the self-employed. The "get-the-good-grade" mindset is directly attributable to the relentless and often unnecessary testing that our students are subjected to in schools.
Alfie Kohn advocates the "exhibition" of learning, in which students recite their understanding by means of in-depth projects, portfolios of assignments, and other demonstrations.
He cites a model pioneered by Ted Sizer and Deborah Meier. Meier has emphasized the importance of students having five "habits of mind," which are: the value of raising questions about evidence ("How do we know what we know?"), point of view, ("Whose perspective does this represent?"), connections ("How is this linked to that?"), supposition ("How might things have been otherwise?"), and relevance ("Why is this important?").
Kohn writes: It's only the potential to raise and reply those questions that matters, though, but also the Disposition to do so. For that matter, any set of intellectual objectives, any report of what it means to think deeply and critically, should be accompanied by a reference to one's interest or intrinsic motivation to do such thinking...to be well-educated then, is to have the desire as well as the means to make sure that Studying never ends...
History And Purpose Of Iq
We've all the time wanted to quantum intelligence. Ironically, when you look at some the first methods used to rate it in the 1800s, they were not, well, very intelligent. Tactics such as subjecting citizen to various forms of torture to see what their threshold for pain was (the longer you could withstand wincing, the more curious you were believed to be), or testing your potential to detect a high pitch sound that others could not hear.
Things have changed...or have they?
No consulation of intelligence or Iq can be complete without mention of Alfred Binet, a French psychologist who was responsible for laying the groundwork for Iq testing in 1904. His original intention was to devise a test that would diagnose Studying disabilities of students in France. The test results were then used to prepare extra programs to help students overcome their educational difficulties.
It was never intended to be used as an absolute quantum of one's intellectual capabilities.
According to Binet, intelligence could not be described as a singular score. He said that the use of the intelligence Quotient (Iq) as a definite statement of a child's intellectual potential would be a serious mistake. In addition, Binet feared that Iq measurement would be used to condemn a child to a permanent "condition" of stupidity, thereby negatively affecting his or her study and livelihood.
The original interest was in the assessment of 'mental age' -- the midpoint level of intelligence for a someone of a given age. His creation, the Binet-Simon test (originally called a "scale"), formed the archetype for future tests of intelligence.
H. H. Goddard, director of research at Vineland Training School in New Jersey, translated Binet's work into English and advocated a more normal application of the Simon-Binet test. Unlike Binet, Goddard determined intelligence a solitary, fixed and inborn entity that could be measured. With help of Lewis Terman of Stanford University, his final product, published in 1916 as the Stanford correction of the Binet-Simon Scale of intelligence (also known as the Stanford-Binet), became the suitable intelligence test in the United States.
It's important to note that the fallacy about Iq is that it is fixed and can not be changed. The fact is that Iq scores are known to fluctuate - both up and down while the procedure of one's lifetime. It does not mean that you become more, or less intelligent, it merely means that you tested great on one day than another.
One more thing to know about Iq tests: They have been used for racist purposes since their importation into the U.S. Many of those who were complex in the importation and refinement of these tests believed that Iq was hereditary and are responsible for feeding the fallacy that it is a "fixed" trait.
Many immigrants were tested in the 1920s and failed these Iq tests miserably. As a result, many of them were denied entry into the U.S., or were forced to feel sterilization for fear of populating America with "dumb" and "inferior" babies. If you recall, the tests were designed for white, middle class Americans. Who do you think would have the most mystery passing them?
Lewis Terman advanced the original idea of Iq and proposed this scale for classifying Iq scores:
000 - 070: definite feeble-mindedness
070 - 079: Borderline deficiency
080 - 089: Dullness
090 - 109: normal or midpoint intelligence
110 - 119: superior intelligence
115 - 124: Above midpoint (e.g., university students)
125 - 134: Gifted (e.g., post-graduate students)
135 - 144: extremely gifted (e.g., intellectuals)
145 - 154: Genius (e.g., professors)
155 - 164: Genius (e.g., Nobel Prize winners)
165 - 179: High genius
180 - 200: top genius
200 - higher ?: Immeasurable genius
*Genius Iq is ordinarily determined to begin colse to 140 to 145, representing only 25% of the citizen (1 in 400).
*Einstein was determined to "only" have an Iq of about 160.
Defining Intelligence
Diane F. Halpern, a psychologist and past-president of the American Psychological connection (Apa), wrote in her essay offering to Why Smart citizen Can Be So unintelligent that in general, we identify citizen as curious if they have some combination of these achievements (1) good grades in school; (2) a high level of education; (3) a responsible, complex job; (4) some other recognition of being intelligent, such as winning prestigious awards or earning a large salary; (5) the potential to read complex text with good comprehension; (6) solve difficult and novel problems.
Throughout my research and in the early phases of this article, I came over many definitions of the word intelligence. Some were long, some were short. Some I couldn't even understand. The definition that is most prevalent is the one created by the Apa which is: the potential to adapt to one's environment, and learn from one's mistakes.
How about that? There's the word environment again. We just can't seem to leave it. This adds deeper meaning to the saying, "When in Rome, do as the Romans do." It means recognizing what's going on in your environment, and having the intelligence adapt to it - and the citizen who occupy it - in order to survive and supervene within it.
There are also many dissimilar forms of intelligence. Most notably those created by Dr. Howard Gardner, professor of study at Harvard University.
Dr. Gardner believes (and I agree) that our schools and culture focus most of their concentration on linguistic and logical-mathematical intelligence. We esteem the extremely say or logical citizen of our culture. However, Dr. Gardner says that we should also place equal concentration on individuals who show gifts in the other intelligences: the artists, architects, musicians, naturalists, designers, dancers, therapists, entrepreneurs, and others who enrich the world in which we live.
He felt that the original idea of intelligence, based on Iq testing, was far too dinky and created the Theories Of multiple Intelligences in 1983 to list for a broader range of human possible in children and adults.
These intelligences are:
Linguistic intelligence ("word smart")
Logical-mathematical intelligence ("number/reasoning smart")
Spatial intelligence ("picture smart")
Bodily-Kinesthetic intelligence ("body smart")
Musical intelligence ("music smart")
Interpersonal intelligence ("people smart")
Intrapersonal intelligence ("self smart")
Naturalist intelligence ("nature smart")
Not linked with Dr. Gardner, but equally respected are:
Fluid & Crystallized Intelligence
According to About.com, Psychologist Raymond Cattell first proposed the concepts of fluid and crystallized intelligence and supplementary advanced the principles with John Horn. The Cattell-Horn principles of fluid and crystallized intelligence suggests that intelligence is composed of a whole of dissimilar abilities that interact and work together to yield broad personel intelligence.
Cattell defined fluid intelligence as "...the potential to perceive relationships independent of previous definite convention or study about those relationships." Fluid intelligence is the potential to think and reason abstractly and solve problems. This potential is determined independent of learning, experience, and education. Examples of the use of fluid intelligence comprise solving puzzles and arrival up with question solving strategies.
Crystallized intelligence is Studying from past experiences and learning. Situations that wish crystallized intelligence comprise reading understanding and vocabulary exams. This type of intelligence is based upon facts and rooted in experiences. This type of intelligence becomes stronger as we age and get new knowledge and understanding.
Both types of intelligence growth throughout childhood and adolescence. Fluid intelligence peaks in adolescence and begins to decline progressively starting colse to age 30 or 40. Crystallized intelligence continues to grow throughout adulthood.
Successful Intelligence
Then there's victorious Intelligence, which is authored by intelligence psychologist and Yale professor, Robert J. Sternberg, who believes that the whole idea of relating Iq to life achievement is misguided, because he believes that Iq is a pretty miserable predictor of life achievement.
His victorious intelligence principles focuses on 3 types of intelligence which are combined to conduce to one's broad success: Analytical Intelligence; mental steps or components used to solve problems; Creative Intelligence: the use of sense in ways that foster understanding (creativity/divergent thinking); and Practical Intelligence: the potential to read and adapt to the contexts of daily life.
With regard to environment, Mr. Sternberg writes in his book victorious Intelligence: Successfully curious citizen perceive that the environment in which they find themselves may or may not be able to make the most of their talents. They actively seek an environment where they can not only do victorious work, but make a difference. They create opportunities rather than let opportunities be dinky by circumstances in which they happen to find themselves.
As an educator, I subscribe to Mr. Sternberg's victorious intelligence approach to teaching. It has proven to be a extremely effective tool and mindset for my college students. Using victorious intelligence as the backbone of my context-driven curriculum actually inspires students to see how study makes their life goals more attainable, and motivates them to supplementary construct their expertise. Mr. Sternberg believes that the major factor in achieving expertise is purposeful engagement.
Emotional Intelligence
In his best-selling 1995 book, Emotional Intelligence, Daniel Goleman reported that research shows that accepted measures of intelligence - Iq - only list for 20% of a person's success in life. For example, research on Iq and study shows that high Iq predicts 10 to 25% of grades in college. The ration will vary depending on how we define success. Nonetheless, Goleman's assertion begs the question: What accounts for the other 80%?
You guessed it...Emotional Intelligence. What exactly is emotional intelligence? Emotional intelligence (also called Eq or Ei) refers to the potential to perceive, control, and rate emotions. Many corporations now have mandatory Eq training for their managers in an exertion to heighten laborer
relations and growth productivity.
Tacit Knowledge aka "Street Smarts"
You've heard the phrase, "Experience is the many teacher..."
In science of mind circles knowledge gained from daily sense is called tacit knowledge. The colloquial term is "street smarts," which implies that formal, classroom study (aka "book smarts") has nothing to do with it. The personel is not directly instructed as to what he or she should learn, but rather must passage the important episode from the sense even when Studying is not the original objective.
Tacit knowledge is closely linked to common sense, which is sound and prudent judgment based on a uncomplicated perception of the situation or facts. As you know, common sense is not all that common.
Tacit knowledge, or the lessons obtained from it, seems to "stick" both faster and great when the lessons have direct relevance to the individual's goals. Knowledge that is based on one's own practical sense will likely be more instrumental to achieving one's goals than will be knowledge that is based on someone else's experience, or that is overly generic and abstract.
Being Both Smart And Stupid
Yes, it's possible to be both smart and stupid. I'm sure someone you know comes to mind at this spoton moment. But the goal here is not to ridicule, but to understand how some seemingly extremely intelligent, or extremely educated individuals can be so smart in one way, and incredibly unintelligent in others.
The woman who is a respected, well paid, dynamic executive who consistently chooses men who don't appear to be worthy of her, or the man who appears to be a pillar of the community, with a loving wife and happy kids, ends up being arrested on rape charges.
It happens, but why? I found the reply in Why Smart citizen Can Be So Stupid. Essentially, intellect is domain specific. In other words, being smart (knowledgeable) in one area of your life, and unintelligent (ignorant) in other is natural. Turning off one's brain is quite common especially when it comes to what we desire. A shared characteristic among those who are smart and stupid, is the mystery in delaying gratification.
Olem Ayduk & Walter Mischel who wrote the episode summarized: Sometimes unintelligent behavior in smart citizen may arise from faulty expectations, erroneous beliefs, or merely a lack of motivation to enact operate strategies even when one has them. But sometimes it is an inability to regulate one's affective states and the behavioral tendencies linked with them that leads to unintelligent and self-defeating behavior.
The central character in this book who many of these lessons about being smart and unintelligent revolve colse to is Bill Clinton and his affair with Monica Lewinksky.
Wisdom & Conclusion
My great grandmother, Leola Cecil, maybe had an 8th grade study at the most. By no stretch of the imagination was she extremely educated, but she had what seemed like infinite wisdom. She was very observant and could "read" citizen with thinkable, accuracy. Till the very end of her life she shared her "crystallized intelligence" with whomever was receptive to it.
She died at the age of 94. I often use many of her sayings as a social speaker, but most importantly, I use her philosophies to make sure that I'm being guided spiritually and not just intellectually. Many of us who are lucky sufficient to have a great grandparent can testify that there is something extra about their knowledge. They seem to have life figured out, and a knack for helping those of us who are smart, educated and curious see things more clearly when we are too busy thinking.
What they have is what we should all aspire to end up with if we are lucky: wisdom.
Wisdom is the potential to look through a person, when others can only look at them. Wisdom slows down the mental process and makes it more organic; synchronizing it with intuition. Wisdom helps you make great judgments about decisions, and makes you less judgmental. Wisdom is understanding without knowing, and accepting without understanding. Wisdom is recognizing what's important to other people, and knowing that other citizen are of the utmost importance to you. Wisdom is both a starting point, and a final conclusion.
I hope you get new knowledge about What Is Considered Overtime In California. Where you can put to use within your day-to-day life. And most importantly, your reaction is passed about What Is Considered Overtime In California.
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